Aboriginal Of Australia And Torre Strait Islanders

Introduction In this essay Indigenous people will describe Aboriginals of Australia and Torre Strait Islanders. During the early years when just Indigenous Australians lived on Australia land there health was quite healthy and they were quite happy. Then Europeans took over the land of Australia and forced them to assimilate. This all started in the early 1900’s. Till this day it has affected Indigenous people. It has affected their physical health, mental health, and identity. As a nurse we can change this and not be judgmental and understand their history to provide better care. Pre-Invasion Health Before the invasion Indigenous Australia had great health. There were no infectious diseases until colonization of the European settlers. There also was no such thing as diabetes, high blood pressure, ischemic heart disease or any diseases that were happening in Europe in the 18th century (Central Australian Aboriginal Congress 2014). There was sickness and diseases but not as many as indigenous Australians are suffering today. Aboriginal health had three sets of inter-relationships, which were between the land, and people, between people and creator of beings and between people themselves (UK Essays 2013). Assimilation Policy The assimilation policy in 1961 â€Å"means in the view of all Australian governments that all aborigines and part-aborigines are expected eventually to attain the same manner of living as other Australians and to live as members of a singleShow MoreRelatedEssay Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders1586 Words   |  7 PagesAboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have faced disadvantages in various areas, particularly housing. The disadvantages these people face now are the result of policies introduced by the European settlers, then the government. The policies introduced were protection, assimilation, integration and self-determination. It is hard to understand the housing disadvantages faced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people ifRead MoreHealth Inequalities Experienced By Aboriginal And Torres Strait Islander People1222 Words   |  5 PagesHodson - Term 3, 2015 1. Describe the health inequities experienced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australia. Health inequities describe the differences in health status or in the distribution of health resources between different population groups, ascending from the social conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age. In Australia, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders experience far more ill health than other Australians. The major inequities experiencedRead MoreThe Rate Of Imprisonment Of Aboriginal And Torres Strait Islander1744 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The rate of imprisonment of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians has dramatically increased since 1992. Statistics went from â€Å"1 in 7 prisoners in 1992 to 1 in 4 in 2012 and to almost 1 in 3 in 2014.† There have been an abundance of proposals, plans and programs established, some of which have failed and some which are still in development, to try decrease the high numbers. The high incarceration rate of Indigenous people in Australia is considered to be a global issue thatRead MoreEffects Of The Colonization Of Indigenous People860 Words   |  4 PagesThe colonization of Australia has a disturbing influence on the Indigenous people who have lived in Australia for almost 60,000 years. Indigenous people are recognised as the custodians of the world’s longest living culture. For almost 60,000 years, more than 500 different Aboriginal nations and up to 1 million Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people were understood to have lived in Australia be fore the arrival of the British in 1788. The new settlement was designed to improve Britain’s claimRead MoreHistorical And Contemporary Situation Of Torres Strait Islander And How The Edward Koiki Mabo920 Words   |  4 PagesI aim to focus on the historical and contemporary situation of Torres Strait Islander and how the Edward Koiki Mabo (Eddie Mabo) decision has affected them. History Background Edward Koiki Mabo (Eddie Mabo) is the Australian Man born in 1936 from Torres Strait Islander campaigning for Indigenous land rights. His decision for land rights was the legal decision. In 1981, Mabo gave first speech at the land rights conference at the James Cook University explaining the traditional land ownership andRead MoreIndigenous Australians and Torres Strait Islanders Essay1655 Words   |  7 Pageswill then be made between the experiences of colonisation for Aboriginal peoples of Australia and the experiences of colonisation for the Torres Strait Islander peoples. In particular, the issue of dispossession from land and/or culture will be analysed, as well as the effect of Christianity. As a result, it will be argued that Christianity was generally an oppressive force for Aboriginal peoples, whereas for Torres Strait Islanders, Christianity was easily integrated with traditional beliefs.Read MoreIndigenous Peoples Have Suffered As A Result Of Colonisation1590 Words   |  7 Pagesby a group of people who have inhabited a country for thousands of years, which often contrast with those of other groups of people who reside in the same country for a few hundred years. In 1788 since the European invasion of Australia, for thousands of years the aboriginal peoples have been oppressed into a world unnatural to their existence. This essay will discuss on how most Indigenous peoples have suffered as a result of colonisation. This essay will firstly focus on colonisation of indigenousRead MoreIndigenous Aboriginal And Aboriginal People1216 Words   |  5 Pagesarriving in Australia around 50,000 years ago. There is great diversity among different Indigenous communities and societies in Australia, each with its own unique mixture of cultures, customs and languages. In present-day Australia these groups are further divided into local communities. At the time of initial European settlement, over 250 languages were spoken; it is currently estimated that 120 to 145 of these remain in use, and all but 13 are considered to be endangered. Aboriginal people todayRead MoreThe Biological Perspective On Mental Illness1310 Words   |  6 Pagesillness as a bodily process. Where as the psychological perspectives think the role of a person’s upbringing and environment are causes for mental illnesses. Mental illness is a significant problem for today’s world (Pierre, 2012). In context of Australia, mental illness is higher, especially with ATSI communities. Thus, in this essay will explore why individual ATSI are experiencing higher rate of mental illness with suicide in some communities. Some fact and figure will also provide regarding mentalRead MoreMabo Case1357 Words   |  6 PagesGovernment wanted to remove any doubt that the Meriam people had total rights over the islands. So in 1985 it had the Parliament pass the Queensland Coast Islands Declaratory Act. This Act was to abolish any claims to title to the islands by the Murray Islanders. In 1981 a land rights conference was held at James Cook University where Mabo made a very important speech claiming land ownership and land inheritance in Murray Island. A lawyer attending the conference suggested that there should be a case to

The Effects Of Hate Violence On Victims - 785 Words

Qualitative research design used The topic that was developed in topic Week one for the Final Research proposal was on the subject, â€Å"The Impact of Hate Violence on victims.† The research was conducted by the National Institute against Prejudice and Violence so as to determine the nature and level of hate violence on victims in the year 2011. The qualitative research design applied in this study is the focus group interviewing. For this particular topic, survey research design was the most appropriate as it could help obtain the necessary data and information from respondents. Also, the National Institute against Prejudice and Violence used questionnaires to collect data and information in doing the research (Barnes Ephross, 1994). Summary of the main points Research question This is a sample of a research question that could be used in doing research on this particular topic; â€Å"what are the impacts of hate violence among the African Americans and the Hispanic community within the United States. Sampling strategy Through the use of an exploratory research design, the National Institute against Prejudice and Violence conducted a sample pilot study on the effects of hate violence on minority group members in the United States. A sample of victims of hate violence was obtained through contacts between members of the Institute as well as the human rights agencies, special police departments, community relations agencies and social services agencies. A total of 59Show MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Hate Violence On Victims883 Words   |  4 PagesThe Impact of Hate Violence on Victims Introduction Evidently, the importance of crime as one of the major social problems in America has been documented for many years (Whitlock Bronski, 2016). For example, since the 1960s the American society has shown increased concern about the problems that are experienced by victims of crime, which has resulted in the establishment and development of many victim service programs across the country. At the same time, stakeholders have as well introduced newRead MoreThe Effects Of Hate Crimes On The Victim And Their Community1305 Words   |  6 Pages The Effects of Hate Crimes on the Victim and their Community Maritza A. Salvador Psychology 25 Professor Fitzpatrick 02 December, 2016 Abstract This paper will explore the long-term effects a hate crime has on the victim and his or her community. The victims and communities are directly and indirectly affected by the crime. Victims suffered long term effects such as negative mental and physical health, anxiety, depression, and symptoms of PTSD. The affected communitiesRead MoreThe Long Effects Of A Hate Crime Essay1289 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract This paper will explore the long-term effects a hate crime has on the victim and his or her community. The victims and communities are directly and indirectly affected by the crime. Victims suffered long term effects such as negative mental and physical health, anxiety, depression, and symptoms of PTSD. The affected communities were victimized solely for sharing the same characteristics and beliefs of the victim. The long lasting effects of the hate crime influence every aspect of the victim’sRead MoreHate Crimes Laws And Hate Crime1543 Words   |  7 PagesHate Crimes What is a hate crime? 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Biofuel Versus Global Food Security Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(200) " states will hold to confront the chance of holding to pay much higher monetary values for basic basic nutrient and this besides means less grain to be provided for by planetary human-centered AIDSs\." With the planetary menace of wash uping our dodo fuel energy resources, a major focal point on biofuel as a renewable energy option has slightly shifted into the spotlight together with the desire to cut down dependence on oil and besides the emanation of nursery gases from transit. However, the development of biofuels from harvests has raised many concerns to the environment particularly refering to ‘sustainable development ‘ . A major issue is the struggle between biofuel development and planetary nutrient security as both peruse environmental resources for its production such as land, H2O and energy visual perception as both are dependant on similar resources. We will write a custom essay sample on Biofuel Versus Global Food Security Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Switching to the usage of biofuels as an option to fossil fuels is a good attempt towards sustainable development but nutrient security is besides an component which is critical in the same topic as good. Hence, the inquiry: harvests for nutrient or harvests for fuel? This paper will analyze how the issue of biofuel versus planetary nutrient security is evaluated from the position of both strong and weak terminals of the sustainable development spectrum. This is followed by a reappraisal of the current scenario between the struggle of biofuel development and nutrient security together with the trade-offs that are built-in in the declaration and stakeholders involved. The potencies of which this issue can be resolved in a affair that can be considered truly sustainable, both short term and long term, will be discussed. Finally, the concluding subdivision would be a reappraisal of the attacks that are indispensable to accomplish advancement in both the development of biofuel and planetary nutrient security. This paper concludes that biofuel as a ‘weak ‘ signifier of sustainability can be developed in analogue with stableness in planetary nutrient security. Ethical reading of sustainable development has resulted in constructs of sustainability that give precedence to either economic or environmental aims, for illustration, there are the opposing paradigms of â€Å" weak † and â€Å" strong † sustainability ( Hediger, 2006 ) . Weak sustainable development, adopts an anthropocentric or a more human-centered focal point and discourse on the relationship between people and nature whereby the thought chiefly comprises of three positions that are the perceptual experience that people are separate from nature, the thought that nature is a ‘resource ‘ to be used for the benefit of society or persons and the position that we have the right to rule nature ( Williams and Millington, 2004 ) . On the other side of the philosophical spectrum of sustainable development, the stronger sustainability views the Earth as finite and that no habitable hereafter is possible unless the demand-side of the equation radically alters by r ethinking our attitude towards nature ( Williams and Millington, 2004 ) . It is normally viewed that the stronger sustainability stance is less outstanding now than it was in the earlier yearss of the environmental motion. Most likely because in the universe that we live in today, the use of natural resources for the benefits of homo is something that is a given as it would besides be an unconceivable impression to non encompass development at all. From a point of position, biofuel development can be seen slightly at a first glimpse as a ‘weak ‘ type of sustainable development. The development of biofuel as an alternate beginning of energy in the transit industry still uses natural resources such as land and H2O and does non represent the change of the flush life style that comes with it the use of private vehicles that is one of the perpetrators for nursery gas emanations into the ambiance. This is in line with the sentiment that â€Å" weak sustainability † requires that the public assistance potency of the overall capital base remains integral and is non restricted to prolonging a material criterion of life or ingestion, but besides includes values that are related to non-consumptive utilizations and the public good character ( agreeableness and recreational values ) of the environment ( Williams and Millington, 2004 ) . The current demand for biofuel is derived from several developed state ‘s displacement to replacing fossil fuels and lessens the dependance on imported oil. Linearly, this demand offers an chance for the developing states to run into the demands while at the same time bridging the spreads between hapless and rich states. However, biofuel harvests are traditionally used as nutrient beginning which besides competes with the use of land and H2O ( Bodigger, 2007 ) . This competition is said to upset the equilibrium between the supply and demand of nutrient harvests. A displacement from excess to shortage is due to the fact of lifting gasoline monetary values and a monolithic roar of biofuel produced from major harvests such as corn, maize and sugar harvests. Because of this, husbandmans from states of the universe ‘s manufacturers of the bulk of biofuel harvest production will bask the promise of higher incomes. However, the chance of prosperity through the demand of biofuel is said to merely be enjoyed by a minority few. Biofuel development is alleged as the major perpetrator to the drastic addition in the monetary value of nutrient stock. A World Bank policy research working paper ( Mitchell, 2008 ) concluded that biofuels have raised nutrient monetary values between 70 to 75 per centum. The study debates that the EU and US chase for biofuels has had the biggest impact on nutrient supply and monetary value displacements due to the increased production of biofuels in the US and EU that were supported by subsidies and duties on imports. While higher nutrient monetary values will be profitable for nutrient exporting states and big husbandmans, they will endanger the economic systems of nutrient importation states, the supports of their husbandmans every bit good as the nutrient available to the urban hapless in these states ( Sahai, 2010 ) . The chart below shows the addition in monetary valu es of major nutrient harvests in the universe from 1990 to 2006. selected nutrient monetary value increase.jpg Chart 1 Food Price Indices, Beginning: ( International Monetary Fund, 2007b ) Because if this, the hapless in food-importing states will hold to confront the chance of holding to pay much higher monetary values for basic basic nutrient and this besides means less grain to be provided for by planetary human-centered AIDSs. You read "Biofuel Versus Global Food Security Environmental Sciences Essay" in category "Essay examples" The chart below from International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) shows how hapless people who tend to pass comparatively more of their income for nutrient will hold to pay more if the monetary value of nutrient rises. hapless disbursement more on food.gif Chart 2- Paying More, Beginning: ( International Monetary Fund, 2007a ) Another position is that the addition in use of biofuels does farther damage the planetary environment that is to the universe nutrient system and besides through the emanation of nursery gases during the existent procedure of bring forthing biofuels particularly from nutrient harvests such as maize. The nutritionary value of major universe nutrient harvests are altered and reduced with the release of big measures of C dioxide from the processing of works stuffs for biofuels ( Pimentel et al. , 2009 ) . Meanwhile, corn-based ethyl alcohol as a type of biofuel outputs 1.5 times more energy than the fossil energy required to bring forth it ( Da Silva, 2008 ) . This shows that there non much significance of a difference in the lessening of fossil fuels to follow corn-based ethyl alcohol as a outstanding beginning of biofuel. Biofuel growing and its compatibility with sustainable development still remain questionable without a significant addition in research that specifically targets on the best environmental patterns for bring forthing crop-based feedstock. There are besides other inquiries that add to the uncertainness of the planetary economic system kineticss as the biofuel market blooms such as will hapless, little husbandman benefit from the addition of higher monetary values. ( Naylor et al. , 2007 ) . Bing on the ‘weak ‘ terminal of the spectrum in the sustainability construct, the biofuel versus the nutrient security issue can be resolved through the agencies of better adjustment of environmental concerns. The ‘weak ‘ sustainability attack advocate developments such as the proviso of environmental direction bureaus, more efficient usage of resources, better undertaking assessment techniques to measure the environmental impacts of proposals, and economic accommodations to take into history environmental costs ( Williams and Millington, 2004 ) . An of import attack as to which shows the potency of deciding this struggle between biofuel and planetary nutrient security would be the creative activity and design of policies that ensures that the development of biofuel industries â€Å" run into the aims on security of supply and clime alteration while guaranting sustainable development and non merely by merely switching environmental jobs from one sector to another or from one continent to another † ( Bodigger, 2007 ) . Free trade in the biofuel market should be allowed due to the current subsidies and duties which make it hard for low-priced biofuel such as sugar cane ethyl alcohol to vie with maize ethyl alcohol. If these barriers were eliminated, biofuel can profit the environment and be more economically feasible to be produced by developing states. This attack involves the caput of authoritiess who are the determination and policy shapers as the stakeholders involved. Since biofuel is derived from agricultural green goods, it is critical in order to decrease the struggle between biofuel and nutrient security to increase the output and multiply agribusiness productiveness growing. Researches for biofuel feedstock potency is presently done by the International Institute for Applied Systems Analyst ( IIASA ) and the Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) in measuring biofuel production capacity and constellation of the potency of different parts to spread out agricultural harvest production through two chief agencies: extensification through conveying extra land into cultivation or intensification through irrigation, multiple cropping and other output heightening techniques ( Pingali et al. , 2008 ) . Agricultural end product can be increased via multiple cropping, irrigation and the acceptance of other methods of agricultural intensification which besides includes the acceptance of modern cultivars, plague and alimentary direction and other impro ved engineerings. The development of 2nd and 3rd coevals biofuel that uses not nutrient based beginnings such as Jatropha, algae, residuary wastes from harvests and besides industrial wastes should be encouraged to spread out therefore cut downing the demand for the use of harvest and cultivable land that is better off used for nutrient production in the long tally. Here in lies the function of research workers and scientists to escalate research as a â€Å" push for farther and faster all-out development of 2nd coevals biofuel that do non straight endanger nutrient harvests production and requires less H2O † ( Bodigger, 2007 ) . Another stakeholder involved would be the husbandmans and their pick between cultivating harvests for nutrient or harvests for fuel. The jurisprudence of â€Å" supply and demand † can foretell that the pick would be for the 1 that brings in higher income at lesser inputs and costs. Therefore, it is besides imperative that there is an internationally determined monetary value cap for biofuel and besides nutrient harvests to assist control and prevent higher monetary value rush. Another indispensable attack would be to set up a planetary monitoring model than can be a standard theoretical account in the rating and appraisal of biofuel development and its impacts from changing angles. The design and execution of sustainability audits is critical as the biofuel industry develops, with a clear prosodies for measuring the environment and societal effects of biofuels and feedstock production and for guaranting that direction and authorities patterns are compatible with pre-determined sustainability ends ( Naylor et al. , 2007 ) . Global major agribusiness pudding stones can besides play their portion by guaranting that investings in biofuels do back up agricultural betterments across the board as this benefits nutrient production, speed up rural economic development and alleviate poorness and migration to metropoliss ( Bodigger, 2007 ) . More investing needs to be pumped into the research and development of 2nd and 3rd coevals biofuel from non-food beginnings every bit good as alternate harvests for basic nutrient ingestion. The struggle between biofuel development and planetary nutrient security has escalated these yearss due to a generation of demand for the former. The development of biofuel is seen as a signifier of ‘weak ‘ sustainability in the philosophical spectrum of sustainable development. This is due to the fact that natural resources such as land, H2O and energy are used in the production of biofuels for the benefit of the developed and rich states in their quest to decrease nursery gas emanations and dependence on fossil fuels. However, struggle arises when hapless states that depend on importing of nutrient supply have to confront higher monetary values due to the recreation of traditional nutrient harvest such as maize and manioc for the transition into biofuel. As such, the state of affairs is worsen with the competition of resources by biofuel and nutrient harvest agribusiness as both vie for the same resources and based on the tendency of the addition of nutrient monetary va lues, it can be seen that harvests for nutrient is on the losing terminal as compared to harvests for fuel. However, there are a few attacks that can be seen as a method of paving the manner for the parallel development of both biofuels and stableness in planetary nutrient security, provided that there is concrete support from all stakeholders involved every bit discussed as above. If decently implemented and monitored, biofuels can be the solution towards the battle against planetary heating while at the same clip play a major subscriber towards the economic and societal development of hapless states. How to cite Biofuel Versus Global Food Security Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

The Taj Mahal and the Great Mosque of Djenne Essay Sample free essay sample

TAJ MAHAL TO the traveller Agra means bases for. the Taj entirely. the most interesting object in India ; and. arrived at that place. one about fears to precipitate the supreme minute. to set it to the trial. to take the first expression. There was no inspiration in the grey. cloudy forenoon or the boring thrust from the hotel in the farthest suburb three stat mis to the walled garden by the river bank. A sandstone gateway in a long wall admitted us to the serai. or outer tribunal. where cabs and bullock-carts stood and touts. pedlars. and ushers squatted waiting for quarry. odorizing the first tourer rupee of the twenty-four hours. There fronted the Great Gateway. a brilliant sandstone tower in itself deserving coming to see. its arch inlaid with white poetries and flowers. and a row of aired small bell cupolas fringing the roof-line. We went in through the draughty rotunda of a hall. We will write a custom essay sample on The Taj Mahal and the Great Mosque of Djenne Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page and straight before us was the vision of beauty. the Taj Mahal–the most supremely beautiful edifice in all the world–the most perfect creative activity of that sort that the head and manus of adult male have of all time achieved-one of the great aims of travel that does non is appoint. but far exceeds all anticipations–a wages for all the distance one may go to make it–recompense for all one endures in Indian travel. Well as one knows it from exposure and engravings. the world is as amazing. as overpowering. as if he had neer heard of it. Even while he foremost looks through the arch to the white dome above the cypress-trees. it seems excessively seldom perfect to be existent. excessively improbably beautiful to be true. It would non hold surprised me if the visible radiation had faded. a drape had fallen ; or. still less. if one had found he could non come in. that no pes could touch the garden-path or the white patio. which is mere base for this fantastic work of art. After watching the entryway of some others. we paused for a first steadfast expression. and so. all exhilaration and ecstasy. followed the marble way and mounted the half-way platform that affords the perfect view-point. the white admiration reflected in the long marble canal at their pess. The Taj on its high platform. with the ruddy sandstone mosque at the West. the complementary edifice or â€Å"Response† on the E. and the whole sky infinite over and beyond the river as background. presents the most harmonious and absolutely balanced composing and is the most laudably placed edifice in India. The oculus travels from characteristic to characteristic and item to detail. and the admiration of its flawlessness continually grows. The sets of low alleviation carving. the panels and boundary lines of inlaid work. afford endless survey. and one easy accepts the guide’s set narrative that 40 assortments of cornelian are inlaid in one little flower. and that the wholeKoranis inlaid. poetry by poetry. on the walls. There is a whole new set of esthesiss when one enters the quietly lighted. subdued white inside. with the echo reiterating each word like the response of a chanted service–a individual note from flute or guitar a whole subject. A treillage of mar ble tracery. with inlaid boundary lines. screens the two graves. low sarcophagi of beady marble resting on inlaid platforms. Mumtaz-I-Mahal in the centre. where the Great Mogul laid her. and with Shah Jahan at her side are laid off in existent simple white graves in a vault instantly below the sarcophagi ; and to them the elderly guardian conducts one with a lantern. The bosom of the Sikh metropolis and the psyche of its people is the Aureate Temple in the centre of the sacred armored combat vehicle. the Pool of Immortality. and for beauty and grandness this Amritsar shrine is 2nd merely to the Taj Mahal. Marble patios and bannisters surround the armored combat vehicle. and a marble causeway leads across the H2O to a graceful marble temple whose aureate walls. roof. dome. and cupolas. with graphic touches of ruddy drapes. are reflected in the still pool. One gets the first position from a high patio by the modern Gothic clock-tower. where the Sikh guards halt one until he has removed his places. A barbate giant exchanged our places for immense felt slippers that were moistnesss and even wet. and led us around the white patio. A century after its hard-on. this domed grave of Humayum furnished the theoretical account for the Taj Mahal. and one rapidly notes the chief points of resemblance between this monolithic ruddy edifice and the white dream at Agra. Humayum’s grave stands upon the same kind of high platform. but lacks the slender minaretsat the corners. The ruddy edifice and its white marble dome are larger than the more finely modeled. the more flowery. poetic. and feminine construction at Agra. The last scene of the Mutiny was played here when Hobson’s work forces overtook Bahadur Shah. the fleeting Delhi male monarch. and returned the following twenty-four hours for the princes. hit them. and exposed their organic structures in the blood-soaked. corpse-strewn Chandni Chauk. Bahadur Shah lived in expatriate at Rangoon for 40 old ages. and his boy. childless and born in expatriate. a harmless nonexistence was permitted to return to India for the durbar of 1903. The Great Mosque of Djenne Djenne was declared a World Heritage site in 1988 due to its legion all right illustrations of adobe edifices. Mud constructions are still being built all over the metropolis by extremely well-thought-of Masons known as bareys ; the Friday mosque in Djenne is the largest clay edifice in the universe. A mosque has existed on the site since the thirteenth century. and fable has it that the original was built with Earth gathered by genie ( local liquors ) . It was subsequently allowed to fall in by swayer Seku Amadu. who wanted to make a new mosque of his ain design. Because it’s against Islamic jurisprudence to destruct a mosque. he ordered the troughs to be blocked. doing the boggy roof to prostration. When the Gallic took control of the metropolis during the 1900s. his mosque was. in bend. destroyed and a 3rd embodiment was built in its topographic point. The replastering of the current mosque with clay and shea butter is now an built-in portion of Ramadan celebrations ; local s claim that the mosque in Nando. Mali. is a gift from God that appeared overnight. Bibliography